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GATE DA 2026 Q65: Maximum of xᵀAx on the unit sphere for the centering matrix

Question

Let A=(In−1n11T)A = \left(I_n - \dfrac{1}{n}\mathbf{1}\mathbf{1}^T\right) be a matrix, where 1=(1,1,1,…,1)T∈Rn\mathbf{1} = (1, 1, 1, \ldots, 1)^T \in \mathbb{R}^n and InI_n is the identity matrix of order nn.

The value of max⁡SxTAx\max_{S} x^T A x, where S={x∈Rn∣xTx=1}S = \{x \in \mathbb{R}^n \mid x^T x = 1\}, is __________. (Answer in integer)

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Numerical answer. No negative marking.
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Answer: 1 (official GATE 2026 final answer key)

Concept used: The maximum of xTAxx^T A x over unit vectors is the largest eigenvalue of the symmetric matrix AA.

First step: AA is a projection, so its eigenvalues are 0 (along 1\mathbf{1}) and 1 (on its orthogonal complement).

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Source: official GATE 2026 DA question paper and final answer key, organised by IIT Guwahati. Question paper · Answer key