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GATE CSE 2023 Q48: Permutations of U that separate set A from set B

Question

Let U={1,2,…,n}U = \{1, 2, \ldots, n\}, where nn is a large positive integer greater than 1000. Let kk be a positive integer less than nn. Let A,BA, B be subsets of UU with ∣A∣=∣B∣=k|A| = |B| = k and A∩B=∅A \cap B = \emptyset. We say that a permutation of UU separates AA from BB if one of the following is true.

• All members of AA appear in the permutation before any of the members of BB.

• All members of BB appear in the permutation before any of the members of AA.

How many permutations of UU separate AA from BB?

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Answer: D (official GATE 2023 final answer key)

Concept used: Counting by stages: choose positions, arrange the rest, then arrange within the chosen positions.

First step: Choose the 2k2k positions for A∪BA \cup B, then decide whether AA or BB fills the first kk of them.

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Source: official GATE 2023 CS question paper and final answer key, organised by IIT Kanpur. Question paper · Answer key